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Desegregation: The Calendar
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Published: November 12, 2007
Desegregation: The Calendar
May 1954: U.S. Supreme Court rules "separate but equal" education is inherently unequal in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kan.
August 1956: Legislature passes Florida Pupil Assignment Act, allowing parents to apply on behalf of their children to be transferred to a school of their choice.
May 1964: Parents sue the Pinellas County School Board in effort to replace the dual school system with an integrated one.
March 1965: Federal Judge Joseph Lieb approves the Pinellas school board's initial desegregation plan, which called for clustering of schools in Largo-Clearwater area. Most schools in county would remain segregated.
February 1969: Lieb demands Pinellas board file a new plan to end the dual school system and fully integrate county schools.
August 1969: Lieb approves Pinellas board plan that would allow nine predominantly black schools to remain as is.
January 1970: U.S. Supreme Court rules the Indianola, Miss., school board must stop zoning on a residential basis, meaning lower courts could strike down such plans.
April 1970: U.S. Supreme Court upholds court-ordered "busing for integration" plan in Charlotte, N.C.
May 1971: Lieb orders Pinellas board to maintain a ratio of 70 percent white and 30 percent black students in all of the county's public schools.
July 1971: Judge Lieb approves the Pinellas board's desegregation plan to use busing as a primary tool.
September 1971: Students attend fully desegregated schools in Pinellas for first time.
October 1971: Demonstrations and violence break out at Dixie Hollins High School in St. Petersburg over the school's use of the Confederate battle flag as the school's banner.
August 1987: About 4,000 students, most of them black, are transferred to maintain racial balance in schools.
August 1990: More than 4,000 additional students are transferred to maintain the racial balance.
January 1991: U.S. Supreme Court rules that a school district that has met a court's desegregation order for a "reasonable period of time" may appeal to the court to end busing.
August 2000: Federal Judge Steven Merryday rules that Pinellas County has eliminated institutional racism, which enables the district to end forced busing.
August 2003: Pinellas board implements its "school choice" plan.
Compiled by Tribune researcher Michael Messano
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